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Transition to IP for Live Media in Television Production and Broadcast Facilities.
presentation Glossary
AES
The Audio Engineering Society is an international professional society devoted to audio technology, disseminating new knowledge and research and publishing standards.
AES67
Is a standard developed by the AES for interoperability of audio transport over IP (UDP or RTP/UDP) or Ethernet.
AIMS
The Alliance for IP Media Solutions is a non-profit trade alliance that promotes a set of open standards to move from legacy SDI systems to IP-based transport.
AMWA
The Advanced Media Workflow Association is an open, community-driven forum, advancing solutions for Networked Media workflows. The AMWA publishes the NMOS Interface Specifications (free).
AoIP
Audio over IP is the technology for the transport and distribution of digital audio content across computer networks (IP or Ethernet). Some of those protocols are: AES67, AVB, CobraNet, Dante, EtherSound, LiveWire, Ravenna and WheatNet-IP.
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol is used, in IPv4, for the resolution of the IP address into the MAC address between the source and the destination device
ASPEN
ASPEN is a proprietary protocol of Evertz and disclosed in SMPTE RDD 37 for encapsulating uncompressed Ultra HD/3G/HD/SD in MPEG-2 TS over IP.
ATSC
Advanced Television Systems Committee standards are a set of standards for digital television transmission over terrestrial, cable, and satellite networks. It is largely a replacement for the analog NTSC standard, and like that standard, used mostly in the United States, Mexico and Canada.
ATSC 3.0
A major version of the ATSC standards, comprises around 20 standards covering different aspects of the system, that are designed to offer support for newer technologies, including HEVC for video channels of up to 2160p 4K resolution at 120 frames per second, wide color gamut, Dolby AC-4 and MPEG-H 3D Audio, datacasting capabilities, and more robust mobile television support through advanced modulation methods.
AV1
AOMedia Video 1 - A video codec from the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia), formed in 2015, AV1 was designed to supersede the VP9 codec and become the IETF Internet Video Codec (NETVC) standard.
AVB
Audio Video Bridging - IEEE standard (802.1BA) which aims to facilitate the synchronization of audio and video hardware on an Ethernet network. The standard adds some features to existing standards for switching and bridging Ethernet networks. The standard mainly works at the second layer of the OSI model.
AVnu Alliance
Is a consortium of professional, automotive, consumer electronics and industrial manufacturers to establish and certify the interoperability of AVB devices and systems.
BOOTSTRAP (applied to ATSC 3)
ATSC 3.0 provides an improvement over existing OFDM-based DTV standards through use of the latest LDPC FEC (low-density parity-check forward error correction) codes and optimized constellations ranging from QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) through 4096QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation).A key requirement for ATSC 3.0 is the ability to change the transmission format while continuing to support legacy receivers. This is accomplished through a framing structure that includes a “System Discovery and Signaling” signal, referred to as the “bootstrap” signal before each frame."
Broadcast
A message can be sent by a host using a broadcast address (Layer 2 or Layer 3) which is received by all hosts of that network, instead of only by a specific host, at a specific address.
CIDR
Classless Inter-Domain Routing is a scheme for allocating IP addresses and routing without taking into account classful networks (A, B and C) standard.
Compression Mezzanine
Lossless, or nearly lossless, codec that allows recompression to another format. Mezzanine compression is used to transport video in a production environment.
Converged Network
Refers to provisioning many different services like telephone, audio, video and data communication within a single IP network, by opposition to using separate networks to offer those services.
Copper wiring
2.5 Gigabit and 5 Gigabit Ethernet link can be done over Cat-5/Cat-6 twisted pair. 10GBASE-T enables 10 Gb/s over copper twisted pair cable on an Ethernet link.
COS
Class of Service, which is a layer 2 parameter (3 bits: 0 to 7) used to differentiate Ethernet frames to assign priorities. Incorporated into IEEE 802.1Q defining VLANs.
COTS
Commercial Off The Shelf - Refers to standard, commercially available equipment that can be used as-is without modification. A COTS solution uses non-custom hardware.
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a protocol that automatically provides a host (device) with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway addresses. IETF RFC 2131
Dirac
Dirac is an open and royalty-free mezzanine video compression format (4:1), specification and system developed by BBC Research & Development (see VC-2).
DNS
Domain Name Service “converts” human readable website names (prefix.name.suffix) into computer readable numerical IP addresses (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx). IETF RFC 1035
DVB-T2
Digital Video Broadcasting - Second Generation Terrestrial is the extension of the television standard DVB-T, issued by the consortium DVB, devised for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television.
EBU
The European Broadcasting Union is a world leading alliance of public media organizations comprising 73 active members in 56 countries. The EBU publishes technical recommendations (free).
EPL
An Ethernet Private Line delivers secure connections between two sites bypassing the public Internet. It is defined by the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF).
Epoch
Is a fixed date and time which are used as a common reference for multiple media signals. The SMPTE Epoch is set at 1970-01-01 00:00:00. (ST 2059-1)
Ethernet
A layer 2 (Data Link) communication protocol enabling communication between hosts within the same network.
Fabric
A network fabric is a design concept in modern networking that refers to a highly scalable, flexible, and resilient network architecture. It’s commonly used in data centers, cloud environments, and enterprise networks to support high-speed, low-latency communication between devices.
Fiber optics
The growing use of uncompressed VoIP systems created the need to transport signals with much higher bit rates. Fiber optics offers not only greater bandwidth over longer distances but also a better signal to noise ratio.
FIMS
The Framework for Interoperable Media Services is a project to define standards which enable media systems to be built using a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). By AMWA and EBU.
Firewall
is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and decides whether to allow or block specific traffic based on a defined set of security rules.
Frame
Is a protocol data unit, or encapsulated data packet, on the Ethernet layer called an Ethernet frame. In broadcast media, a Frame refers usually to a video frame. It is therefore useful to distinguish which kind of frame is being used, in order to avoid confusion.
Gateway
A network gateway is a hardware device or software solution that connects two discrete networks that use different transmission protocols.
Gigabit Ethernet
Is a term describing various technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a Gigabit per second, or more. For instance, 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GbE) and 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GbE) are networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at rates of 40 and 100 Gigabits per second (40 and 100 Gb/s), respectively. 10 GbE and 25 GbE are becoming common for networked media devices. Ethernet is defined in the IEEE 802.3 suite of Standards.
HBRMT
High Bit Rate Media Transport (HBRMT) formerly known as High Bit Rate Audio Video Over IP (HBRAV-IP), is a standard for data encapsulation and forward error correction (FEC) of high bit rate contribution oriented video/audio feed services, up to 3 Gbit/s over Ethernet networks.
HLS
HTTP Live Streaming (also known as HLS) is an HTTP-based media streaming communications protocol implemented by Apple Inc. It resembles MPEG-DASH in that it works by breaking the overall stream into a sequence of small HTTP-based file downloads, each download loading one short chunk of an overall potentially unbounded transport stream. As the stream is played, the client may select from a number of different alternate streams containing the same material encoded at a variety of data rates, allowing the streaming session to adapt to the available data rate.
HTML5
Hypertext Markup Language revision 5 (HTML5) is markup language for the structure and presentation of World Wide Web contents. HTML5 supports the traditional HTML and XHTML-style syntax and other new features in its markup, New APIs, XHTML and error handling
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundation protocols for the Internet)
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is the world's largest association of technical professionals with the objectives are the educational and technical advancement of electrical and electronic engineering, telecommunications and computer engineering. IEEE publishes Standards like Ethernet (fee).
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force: The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) is the body that defines standard Internet operating protocols such as TCP/IP. The IETF is supervised by the Internet Society Internet Architecture Board (IAB). IETF members are drawn from the Internet Society's individual and organization membership. Standards are expressed in the form of Requests for Comments (RFCs).
IGMP
The Internet Group Management Protocol is a communications protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers on IPv4 networks to establish multicast group memberships. IETF RFC 2236 (IGMPv2) and IETF RFC 4604 (IGMPv3) are commonly used.
Inter VLAN Routing
Can be defined as a way to forward traffic between different VLAN by using a router in the network. “Router-on-a-stick” is one of the types of Inter VLAN setup.
IP
The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing hosts and connectivity devices for routing packets from a source host to a destination host across one or more IP networks. The 2 versions are IPv4 (IETF RFC 791) and IPv6 (IETF RFC 2460).
IPSec
Is a set of security extensions to the IP layer that enable security features like authentication and encryption of the packets of data sent over a network.
ISDE
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (in French: ISDE: Innovation, Sciences et Développement économique Canada)
ITU
The International Telecommunication Union is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for issues that concern information and communication technologies. They publish technical recommendations (free).
Jitter
Is the deviation from true periodicity of a presumably periodic signal, often in relation to a reference clock signal or packet spacing.
JT-NM
The Joint Task Force on Networked Media, sponsored by EBU, AMWA, SMPTE and VSF has been created to help manage the transition of broadcast media infrastructures to IP network and IT-centric architecture. It has published the JT-NM Reference Architecture and maintain its Industry Roadmap (free).
Jumbo frames
Are Ethernet frames with more than 1500 bytes of payload. Conventionally, jumbo frames can carry up to 9000 bytes of payload.
LAN
A Local Area Network is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a home, university campus, a broadcasting site or an office building.
Latency
In engineering, latency is a measure of the time delay experienced by a system. In networking, it is a measure of the time delay required for information to travel across a network. It measured either one-way (the time from the source to the destination), or round-trip delay time (the latency from source to destination and back to the source). In media system, latency refers to the processing time through a device or a link.
Link aggregation
Is a method of combining (aggregating) multiple network connections in parallel in order to increase throughput beyond what a single connection could sustain. E.g., 40 GigE made of four lanes of 10 GigE.
LTE/2G/3G/4G/5G
These acronymes refer to the generations of mobile network technology used by phones and connected devices to make calls, send messages, and access the internet. Each generation brings improvements in speed, capacity, latency, and features.
• 2G (GSM): First digital generation, calls and SMS
• 3G (UMTS): Adds mobile internet, data transmission
• 4G (LTE): Fast internet (up to 100 Mbps), low latency
• LTE: Enhanced 4G, backward compatible with 2G/3G
• 5G: Ultra-fast (up to 20 Gbps), very low latency, ideal for IoT
MDCP
Media Device Control Protocol - The SMPTE standard (SMPTE 2071-2) describes a protocol for transmitting IP commands to broadcast equipment, and is based on other existing industry standards.
MPEG-DASH
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), also known as MPEG-DASH, is an adaptive bitrate streaming technique that enables high quality streaming of media content over the Internet delivered from conventional HTTP web servers.
MPEG-TS
Moving Picture Experts Group – Transport Stream - Encapsulation format for the transmission and storage of audio, video content and associated metadata.
MPEG2-TS
MPEG2-TS is a specific implementation of MPEG-TS using the MPEG-2 standard for video compression.
MTU
The Maximum Transmission Unit defines the size of the largest network layer protocol data unit that can be communicated in a single network transaction. In Ethernet v2 (IPv4), this MTU is 1500 bytes.
Multicast
Is a scheme that uses a one-to-many-of-many association where datagrams are routed simultaneously in a single transmission to many recipients. To be “member” of a multicast group, the IGMP is used.
Multimode (fiber)
Is mostly used for communication over short distances, such as within a building or a plan. Typical multi-mode links transport data over link lengths of up to 600 meters up to 10 Gb/s.
NAT
Network Address Translation is a technique of modifying the network address of devices while transferring packets across a traffic routing system. For instance, this allows multiple computers to share a single public IP address.
NDP
Neighbor Discovery Protocol – Used in IPv6 to discover the MAC addresses of neighbors on the same network, similar to ARP in IPv4.
NGCN
Next Generation Converged Network. The general idea behind an NGCN is that of a computer network (a WAN) conceived for the transports of all information and services (telephony, corporate data, and real-time media such as audio and video) between different sites of a corporation or institution.
NIC and MAC
The Network Interface Controller is an hardware component that connects a computer or any “networkable device” to a network. The Media Access Control address is a unique identifier assigned to the NIC. (example of Mac addr)
NMI
Network Media Interface. Sony’s proprietary Networked Media Interface (based on SMPTE ST 2022) for real-time IP-based video transport. It is disclosed as SMPTE RDD 34,38 and 40.
NMOS
AMWA NMOS stands for Advanced Media Workflow Association's Networked Media Open Specifications. It's a suite of open, standardized protocols designed to enable interoperability, discovery, connection, and control of media devices over IP networks—especially in professional broadcast and ProAV environments.
NTP
Network Time Protocol - The Network Time Protocol Standard RFC 5905 is intended for clock synchronization between computer systems or any “networked devices” over variable-latency data networks. NTP can usually maintain time to within tens of milliseconds. NTPv3 is defined in IETF RFC 1305.
OSI
The Open Systems Interconnection model, designed in layers, characterizes and standardizes the communication functions between computers and networked devices systems without regard to their internal structure and technology. These layers are (bottom to top): 1 Physical, 2 Data Link, 3 Network, 4 Transport, 5 Session, 6 Presentation and 7 Application.
P2P
Peer to Peer - Direct communication between two computers on a computer network (e.g. Internet). As opposed to a connection via a server.
Packet
A protocol data unit, or encapsulated data packet, on the IP layer is called an IP Packet.
Packet loss
Occurs when one or more packets of data transported across a computer network fail to reach their destination.
PDU
Protocol Data Unit. In a layered system (such as the TCP/IP stack), a unit of data which is specified in a protocol of a given layer and which consists of protocol-control information and user data (payload) of that layer.
PoE
Power over Ethernet describes several standardized systems which pass electric power along with data on twisted pair Ethernet cabling. PoE is part of IEEE 802.3
Pruning
Part of Cisco’s VLAN Trunk Protocol, the VTP Pruning scheme allows switches to prevent specific VLANs to have access to specific ports.
PTP
Precision Time Protocol is intended for clock synchronization between computer systems or any “networked devices” over variable-latency data networks. It achieves clock accuracy in the sub-microsecond range, making it suitable for real-time media synchronization and critical control systems. PTP v2 is defined in IEEE 1588-2008
QoE
Quality of Experience is a measure of the delight or annoyance of a customer's experiences (subjective) with a service.
QoS
In networking, the Quality of Service refers to traffic prioritization and resource reservation control mechanisms. For instance, the IP header provides the DiffServ field to set queuing priority.
Real-Time
Real-time computing, using specific OSs and applications, guarantees response within specified time constraints. In broadcast media world, our IT-centric systems can achieve “as fast as necessary” to simulate real-time. The metric to achieve that goal is named benchmarking.
Router
Is a computer networking device that links devices via a computer network by using packet switching to receive, process, and forward data from the source to the destination device, on different networks (layer 3).
Routing Table
Routing table. Table used by a network routing device (router) to link a destination address to a physical port. The data in the routing tables is updated by specific protocols (RIP, OSPF, BGP, etc.).
RTCP
Real-Time Transport Control Protocol - Protocol that defines the transport of control messages for data transport with the RTP protocol.
RTMP
Real-Time Messaging Protocol - Protocol developed by Macromedia for the transmission of audio and video and data on the Flash platform. The protocol, formerly proprietary, has been opened by Adobe since its acquisition of Macromedia.
RTP
Used exclusively over UDP, mainly for media real-time streaming, the Real-time Transport Protocol provides data for jitter compensation and detection of packet loss as well as out of sequence data arrival. IETF RFC 3550.
SDI
Serial Digital Interface - Digital interface typically used to transport video. Several versions exist for several video formats (SD, HD, etc.). The format is standardized by the SMPTE (SMPTE 259M, SMPTE 292M, etc.)
SDN
Term describing a network for which the control of the physical layer is done by software. For a video over IP network, SDN means that the configuration of IP equipment is dynamic and controlled by software.
SDO
A Standards Organization or Standards Developing Organization is a recognized organization whose primary activity is producing technical Standards that are intended to address the needs of a group of affected adopters.
SDP
Session Description Protocol is intended for the describing of multimedia communication sessions for session announcement, session invitation, and parameter negotiation. IETF RFC 2327
SFP
A Small Form-factor Pluggable is a compact transceiver used with an interconnectivity device for data communications applications.
SFP+
An Enhanced Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP+) is an upgraded version of the SFP that supports higher data rates, typically up to 10 Gbps, and is commonly used in high-speed network connections like 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
Single mode (fiber)
Single Mode fiber is mostly used for communication over long distances. It typically spans tens to hundreds of kilometers.
SIP
Session Initiation Protocol is used for the purpose of controlling multimedia communication sessions. The most common applications of SIP are in telephony and for (audio or video) encoder/decoder links over IP networks. IETF RFC 3261
SMPTE
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers – International organization that sets technical standards for film, television, and digital media.
SMPTE ST 2022
Is a suite of Standards that covers several types of IP video transport. Two sections of this standard cover IP protocols for compressed video signals in MPEG-2 transport streams. 2022-6 section specifies uncompressed up to 3 Gb/s 1080p video (SDI over IP).· ST 2022-1: Forward Error Correction for Real-Time Video/Audio Transport Over IP Networks· ST 2022-2: Unidirectional Transport of Constant Bit Rate MPEG-2 Transport Streams on IP Networks· ST 2022-3: Unidirectional Transport of Variable Bit Rate MPEG-2 Transport Streams on IP Networks· ST 2022-4: Unidirectional Transport of Non-Piecewise Constant Variable Bit Rate MPEG-2 Streams on IP Networks· ST 2022-5: Forward Error Correction for Transport of High Bit Rate Media Signals over IP Networks (HBRMT)· ST 2022-6: Transport of High Bit Rate Media Signals over IP Networks (HBRMT)· ST 2022-7: Seamless Protection Switching of SMPTE ST 2022 IP Datagrams
SMPTE ST 2110
The SMPTE ST 2110 Professional Media Over Managed IP Networks suite of Standards specifies the carriage, synchronization, and description of separate elementary essence streams (video, audio, ancillary data) over IP for real-time production, playout, and other professional media applications. ST 2110 was built upon the VSF TR-03 work and is based on RFC 4175 for uncompressed video encapsulation, AES67 for audio and IEEE 1588-2008 PTP.SMPTE ST 2110-10: System Timing and Definitions:· SMPTE ST 2110-20: Uncompressed Active Video Encapsulation· SMPTE ST 2210-21: Traffic shaping and delivery timing of uncompressed video· SMPTE ST 2110-30: PCM Digital Audio· SMPTE ST 2210-31: AES3 Transparent Transport (About to be published)· SMPTE ST 2110-40: Ancillary data
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol is a standard for collecting information about managed devices on IP networks and for the control of those devices. Recent versions, SNMPv2 (IETF RFC 1441) and SNMPv3 (IETF RFC 2570), offer more flexibility and security.
Standard
Formal Standard (with capital “S) refers specifically to a specification that has been approved by an SDO. However, the word “standard” (with a lowercase “S”) is also often used to describe a de-facto standard, that is largely adopted without being a formal Standard.
Standard - AES-67
AES-67 Standard: Interoperability standard for audio over IP.
Standard - JPEG-2000
JPEG-2000 Standard: Image and video compression system. In JPEG-2000, each frame is compressed independently of the previous and following images.
Standard - SMPTE 2042 (VC-2)
SMPTE 2042 (VC-2) Standard: Also known as VC-2. Free video compression system developed by the BBC and standardized by the SMPTE (SMPTE 2042-1, -2).
Standard - SMPTE 2059
SMPTE 2059 Standard: Set of two standards (SMPTE 2059-1 and -2) defining a new approach to synchronizing audio-video signals. This approach is compatible with the PTP standard (IEEE 1588). It facilitates the interconnection between SDI transport and IP transport of professional audio-video content.
Standard - SMPTE 291-1
SMPTE 291-1 Standard: Specifications of the format and method of transmission of metadata for digital video.
Standard - SMPTE 302
SMPTE 302 Standard: Standard for mapping audio or data in AES/EBU format into an MPEG-TS stream.
Standard - SMPTE RDD-34 (LLVC)
SMPTE RDD-34 (LLVC) Low Latency Video Codec: Codec developed by Sony, primarily to enable the transport of 4K 60p video over a 10 Gbps Ethernet channel.
Standard - TICO
TICO Standard: Proprietary codec from the company Intopix. The TICO codec allows a signal to be compressed up to a 4:1 ratio virtually lossless (according to Intopix). The latency of the codec is a few microseconds. TICO is a mezzanine compression codec. The objective is to transport higher video resolutions using an existing infrastructure.
Streaming
Live or on-demand video - streaming refers to content delivered in real-time on a network (usually the Internet), as events happen, as much like “traditional” television broadcasts its contents.
Subnet
or Sub-network, is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into two or several networks is called sub-netting.
Subnet Mask
The subnet mask is an address containing the network address plus the bits reserved for identifying a specific sub-network.
Switch
Is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a network by using packet switching to receive, process, and forward data from the source to the destination device, on the same network (layer 2).
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a bi-directional network conversation using a handshake scheme to achieve data transmission integrity. IETF RFC 793
TCP/IP Stack
The TCP/IP stack is a complete set of networking protocols based on the ISO model. The 5 layers are: 1 Physical, 2 Ethernet (Data link), 3 IP (Network), 4 TCP or UDP (Transport) and Application (which includes Session, Presentation and Application)
TICO Alliance
Is a coalition of companies united to set the bar for next generation UHD1 (2160p) and UHD2 (4320p) infrastructure by establishing mezzanine TICO (TIny COdec) compression scheme (4:1) in the new IP-based live ecosystem. TICO can be mapped to 3G-SDI and IP by SMPTE RDD 35.
TR-03
From VSF - Technical Recommendation 03 defines a way to carry groups of audio, video, and metadata data streams, separately, in real time over standard IP networks. It has been replaced by SMPTE ST 2110.
TR-04
From VSF - Technical Recommendation 04 is a technical recommendation to use SMPTE 2022-6 for video and AES67 for separate audio streams. It is being standardized as SMPTE ST 2022-8 at the time of printing.
UDP
User Data Protocol uses a simple connectionless transmission model with a minimum of overhead. Time-sensitive applications, such as real-time media streaming, use UDP because dropping packets is preferable to waiting for delayed packets. IETF RFC RFC 768
Unicast
Is a scheme that uses a one-to-one association between a sender and destination: each destination address uniquely identifies a single receiver endpoint.
VC-2
Is the SMPTE implementation of the DIRAC codec (SMPTE ST 2042).
VLAN
Virtual LAN is a mechanism that is used to partition and isolate group of devices in a computer network, as separate networks, at the data link layer. Ethernet frames carry VLAN ID (12 bits) for that purpose. IEEE 802.1Q
VOIP
Video over IP (in broadcast) use existing IT-centric standard and technologies to carry encapsulated content in stream of IP packets. Often confused with the use in telephony where VoIP stands for Voice over IP.
VPN
A virtual private network extends a private network (usually in/out of a building) across the public network, the Internet.
VSF
The Video Service Forum is an international association comprised of service providers, users and manufacturers dedicated to interoperability, quality metrics and education for media networking technologies. VSF publishes technical recommendations (TRs, free).
VTP
VLAN Trunking Protocol is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the configuration of Virtual Local Area Networks on the local area network
W3C
The World Wide Web Consortium
WAN
A Wide Area Network is understood as a computer network that extends over a large geographical distance (as in between sites of a corporation).
Wi-Fi
Is a technology for wireless local area network access for end-devices (computers, tablets, phones, etc.). For example, on the 5 GHz band, throughput of at least 1 Gb/s can achieved. WI-FI various bands are defined by standard IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 VARIANT FREQUENCY BANDS USED
· 802.11a 5GHz
· 802.11b 2.4GHz
· 802.11g 2.4GHz
· 802.11n 2.4 & 5 GHz
· 802.11ac Below 6GHz
· 802.11ad Up to 60 GHz
· 802.11af TV white space (below 1 GHz)
· 802.11ah 700 MHz, 860MHz, 902 MHz, etc.
ISM bands dependent upon country and allocations
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